Frieda is uncertain how to describe what has happened to her. $24.99 Kaufmann and H.W. The girls have a brief exchange during which Pecola defends the Maginot Line (Miss Marie, as she calls her), but the conversation is cut short when Mrs. Breedlove comes out to see who Pecola's visitors are. When Joffre, Maginot and others conceived of the Maginot Line, Germany was under tight military restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. "The Maginot Line was meant to stop a World War I-style attack of infantry and artillery, and it did what it was supposed to do," says Kirchubel, who's written multiple books on World War II military campaigns. Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. 15. Bluest Eye literature essays are academic essays for citation. She makes fun of Claudia and Frieda and tries to get them into trouble, and they sometimes beat her up. It was composed of an intricate system of strong points, fortifications and military facilities such as border guard posts, communications centres, infantry shelters, barricades, artillery, machine-gun and anti-tank-gun emplacements, supply depots, infrastructure facilities and observation posts. Love in the Bluest Eye is often paired with violence. ! Cloches are non-retractable turrets. Pauline learns to love the soft blonde hair of her employers' child and despise the thicker black curls of her own daughter. Constructed on the French side of its borders with Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Luxembourg and Belgium, the line did not extend to the English Channel. The Maginot Line, an array of defenses that France built along its border with Germany in the 1930s, was designed to prevent an invasion. Furious, Mrs. Breedlove sends the girls away and comforts the little white girl, who has begun to cry. Built between 1930 and 1940, France 's Maginot Line was a massive system of defenses that became famous for failing to stop a German invasion. Frieda's parents believe her without question, and their reaction is to protect their daughter. She seems to see herself as an aggressor, but she has also suffered in her life. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. $24.99 Static defensive positions were therefore intended not only to buy time but to economise on men by defending an area with fewer and less mobile forces. A white, comparatively wealthy girl who lives next door to the MacTeers. Morrison Deconstructs White Standards of Beauty in The Bluest Eye, The Unexamined Other: Confronting the Social Hypocrisy of Maureen in The Bluest Eye. Frieda is not given the chance to step gradually into her sexual identity; instead, this identity is forced upon her by an adult. [41] Donnell argued that the primary purpose of "prevent[ing] a concerted attack on France through the traditional invasion routes and to permit time for the mobilisation of troops was fulfiled", as was the French strategy of forcing the Germans to enter Belgium, which ideally would have allowed "the French to fight on favourable terrain". Contact us An advancing German army would first be spotted by camouflaged observation points hugging the German border. Pecola is confused and talks about how nice Miss Marie (that is, the Maginot Line) and her friends are. The line has since become a metaphor for expensive efforts that offer a false sense of security.[1]. They go to Pecolas house, but no one is home. Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovi-Potonik, A. and Lang, P. This page was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 20:42. More scarring and memorable than any prior source in the novel, Pecolas own mother reinforces the message the girls have been receiving about the superiority of whites. A neighbor, Mr. Buford, arrived and gave Mr. MacTeer a gun. With fresh memories of fighting and living in squalid, open-air trenches, the French spent a decade building a 300-mile (482-kilometer) series of underground fortifications that would be both impenetrable and comfortable to live in. Refine any search. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! After an afternoon of relaxing in a field, splitting milkweed stems. "That's just what the French did," says Kirchubel. Geraldines son, who, in the absence of genuine affection from his mother, becomes cruel and sadistic. [47][48] More seriously, historians have noted rather than the Germans doing what the French had envisioned, the French played into the Germans' hand, culminating in their defeat. Wed love to have you back! Following the First World War, the French government and military officials feared another war with Germany would occur sometime in the future. Origin of Marie. She feels real affection only for her cat. Under the Treaty of Versailles, France was to occupy the Rhineland region of Germany until 1935. [33] A number of old fortifications have now been turned into wine cellars, a mushroom farm, and even a disco. The doctors dehumanize Pauline, and part of that dehumanization takes the form of refusing to look into her eyesbecause if they did, they would see her looking back at them, and encounter Pauline's undeniable humanness and her status as a subject (as opposed to purely an object). Not according to Robert Kirchubel, a military historian with the FORCES Initiative at Purdue University. Indeed, Belgium feared it would be sacrificed in the event of another German invasion. Cholly refuses to give her money for better clothes, so she takes work housekeeping. There are 142 ouvrages, 352 casemates, 78 shelters, 17 observatories and around 5,000 blockhouses in the Maginot Line.[a]. Subsequently the Line was of minimal military importance, and many of the fortress divisions surrendered without even fighting. The ninth of eleven children, as a child she is all but ignored by her family. Wed love to have you back! It is the Maginot Line. She invites the girls upstairs for a soda, but Frieda tells her that they are not allowed to visit her because she is ruined. The Maginot Line throws the root-beer bottle at the girls in anger, but then she laughs. [10], The training was carried out at a fortress near the town of Bitche in Moselle in Lorraine, built in a military training area and so capable of live fire exercises. The moment with the doctors is crucial, and is yet another scene in which we can study the gaze and how it functions. She reacts to the little white girl by soothing her, by promising to replace the cobbler, which shows both her own servitude and her preference for the white child over her own daughter. Cholly, then, is free, without parents or people. Not affiliated with Harvard College. The elephant in the rhyme is said to be a reference to the original Republicans, party of Abraham Lincoln and abolitionism, jumping the fence, or crossing the Mason-Dixon Line, to help free the slaves. The Nazis knew that the heart of the Maginot Line was nearly impenetrable, so they feinted attacks along the heavily fortified border while they planned for their massive 1940 invasion of France through the Netherlands and Belgium. Spring arrives, and Claudia associates this event with being whipped with a switch instead of a strap. The Maginot Line was the brainchild of Marshal Joseph Joffre, a French WWI general, but it was hardly a new idea. He has a gruff manner toward little Blackgirls. In the following days, infantry divisions of the 1st Army attacked fortifications on each side of the penetration, capturing four petits ouvrages. Complete your free account to request a guide. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. THE MAGINOT LINE I31 ernment.I As a result, much of the spirit of the reform was quietly nullified, though the law, including the two-year service, remained on the statute books. Pauline makes a little extra noise while delivering, to let the doctors know that she's no horseand she also points out to us that if you look into a mare's eyes, you realize that even a horse feels pain. The term "Maginot Line" has become a part of the English language: "America's Maginot Line" was the title used for an Atlantic Magazine article about America's military bases in Asia. Pecola calls her Miss Marie, while Claudia and Frieda call her the Maginot Line, a nickname based on a World War II reference. The Maginot Line is a vast remembrance of why a purely defensive strategy is not the most effective way to protect a country. Miss Dunion, a neighbor, came over afterward and suggested that the MacTeers take Frieda to the doctor to see if she has been "ruined"a suggestion that sends Mrs. MacTeer into a rage against Miss. These various structures reinforced a principal line of resistance made up of the most heavily armed ouvrages, which can be roughly translated as fortresses or big defensive works. Claudias father, who works hard to keep the familyfed and clothed. Cholly knows nothing of love and little of faithfulness or family. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. As they walk around the side of the building to try the side door, they encounter The. Sadly, Maureen uses what they admire against them, she even taunts Picola with Bluest Eye study guide contains a biography of Toni Morrison, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. Curiously, Cholly's hatred is directed at Darlene. Maginot was another veteran of World War I; he became the French Minister of Veteran Affairs and then Minister of War (19281932). (A similar system was developed with armoured steam engines in 19141918.). The Maginot Line, also called Miss Marie, could be considered either. Soaphead Church proceeds to write a letter to God, in which he blames God for making the world badly. creating and saving your own notes as you read. Pauline, in turn, humanizes the horse, and understands that by looking into the animal's eyes one can see that its feelings are as real as those of a human being. During the ensuing Ruhrkampf ("Ruhr struggle") between the Germans and the French that lasted until September 1923, Britain condemned the French occupation of the Ruhr. By the time the Germans crossed into French soil through Belgium, the fight was all but over. The lies about traveling with the prostitutes points to her desire to escape her abusive home and see the world. Yet at the same time the girls sense is also the communities sense of the prostitutes. [23], The Maginot Line was intended to block the main German blow if it should come via eastern France and divert it through Belgium, where French forces would meet and stop the Germans. She then tells the girls that they can wait with her until Pecola is back, offering them pop to drink while they wait. These impressive fortifications 142 large artillery forts called ouvrages or "works," 352 fortified gun emplacements called "casemates," and 5,000 smaller bunkers and pillboxes became known as the Maginot Line, named after the French politician Andr Maginot (pronounced Mah-ji-noh). While Mrs. Breedlove goes to get the wash, a very young white girl appears and reacts with fear when she sees the three girls. [20] The drop in the birth rate during and after the war, resulting in a national shortage of young men, created an "echo" effect on the generation that provided the French conscript army in the mid-1930s. You'll also receive an email with the link. They had found that the question of the cou- There are several kinds of armoured cloches. The family does not pay Pauline the last bit of money they owe her. Nonetheless, in 1927, the Inter-Allied Commission, which was responsible for ensuring that Germany complied with Part V of the Treaty of Versailles, was abolished as a goodwill gesture reflecting the "Spirit of Locarno". To put this geography into perspective, Germany is not much bigger than the state of Wisconsin. As the line was surrounded, the German Army attacked a few ouvrages from the rear but was unsuccessful in capturing any significant fortifications. Mr. MacTeer chased Mr. Henry off, beating him first and then firing a gun at him. [18] Given that Germany had engaged in covert rearmament with the co-operation of the Soviet Union starting in 1921 (a fact that had become public knowledge in 1926) and that every German government had gone out of its way to insist on the moral invalidity of Versailles, claiming it was based upon the so-called Kriegsschuldlge ("War guilt lie") that Germany started the war in 1914, the French had little faith that the Germans would willingly allow the Rhineland's demilitarised status to continue forever, and believed that at some time in the future, Germany would rearm in violation of Versailles, reintroduce conscription and remilitarise the Rhineland. Elihue's own education brings him into contact with the Western canon, but in these great works he understands only what he wishes to see. All these troops wore distinctive uniform insignia and considered themselves among the elite of the French Army. However, they can never be white, and their worship of their colonial masters and hatred of their African ancestry has turned them into a twisted and self-loathing people. The color of eyes is not for looking, but for being looked at. During peacetime, fortresses were only partly manned by full-time troops. On 15 June, infantry divisions of the German 7th Army attacked across the Rhine River in Operation "Small Bear", penetrating the defences deep and capturing the cities of Colmar and Strasbourg. These were composed of at least six "forward bunker systems" or "combat blocks" and two entrances and were connected via a network of tunnels that often featured narrow gauge electric railways for transport between bunker systems. Yet Frieda's response to sex, now that she has been assaulted, is that it feels like nothing. Read an in-depth analysis of Claudia MacTeer. [15] The German statement following The Manchester Guardian's article that Germany did not feel bound by the terms of Versailles and would violate them as much as possible gave much offence in France. [16] When the Control Commission was dissolved, the commissioners in their final report issued a blistering statement, stating that Germany had never sought to abide by Part V and the Reichswehr had been engaging in covert rearmament all through the 1920s. LitCharts Teacher Editions. For the girls, their mother's word is law: they dislike Marie based on their mother's dislike of Marie. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. A light-skinned, wealthy Black girl who is new at the local school. The moment where she loses her tooth in the movie theatre is painful: juxtaposing Pauline as an awkward, gap-toothed, pregnant black woman to the idealized (and illusory) image of Jean Harlow on the screen shows the power of these images to destroy a black woman's belief in her own beauty. The passage is written with poetic tone, turning Blue Jack into something like a figure of myth, male and strong and holding up the watermelon so that it blocks out the sun. Despite its monumental concrete glory, which was the pride of interwar France, the Maginot Line ultimately wasn't able to stop Adolf Hitler's Nazi war machine from quickly overwhelming and occupying France in World War II. Built at a cost that possibly exceeded $9 billion in. The Maginot Line was impervious . Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. They realize the other prostitutes are not fat, and based on their mother's gossip about the prostitutes believe the reason for this is because they drink whiskey. Frieda and Claudia walk to the lakefront houses, in a beautiful neighborhood with a park that is for white children only. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. Here the Line ran east-west, around the villages of Rittershoffen and Hatten, south of Wissembourg. He has a gruff manner toward little Black girls. The Maginot Line tells them she works at a big white lakefront house. However, the French line was weak near the Ardennes Forest. [19], The American historian William Keylor wrote that given the diplomatic conditions of 1929 and likely trends with the United States isolationist and Britain unwilling to make the "continental commitment" the decision to build the Maginot Line was not irrational and stupid, as building the Maginot Line was a sensible response to the problems that would be created by the coming French withdrawal from the Rhineland in 1930. These were buried concrete bunkers designed to house and shelter up to a company of infantry (200 to 250 men). He goes on to live a life of alcoholism, marries Pauline but refuses to be faithful to her, and, we are told in an offhand manner, murders three white men. It's possible to see an unsettling connection between the blonde dolls and the blonde daughters of families that employ black servants: in playing with little blonde dolls, black girls must either pretend the child is theirsand so negate their own race and deny their own beautyor they must pretend that they, like Pauline, are servants caring for the children of white employers. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. Pecola, not knowing that the meat is poisoned, brings it to the dog. The girls enter a wealthy, white neighborhood with beautiful homes. The Germany-facing section of the Maginot Line presented a string of obstacles, traps and artillery forts that ran 16 miles (25 kilometers) deep in places. Although we are told that Cholly has no sense of fatherhood because he never knew his own parents (a statement which emphasizes social forces rather than Cholly's choices), we are also told repeatedly that Cholly is dangerously free. Patreon: https://www.patr. She returned with her parents to the house, but Henry was gone. Without the natural defensive barrier provided by the Rhine River, French generals argued that France needed a new defensive barrier made of concrete and steel to replace it. Read an in-depth analysis of Cholly Breedlove. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Bluest Eye. The Maginot Line took 10 years to build, starting in 1929. Frieda is angered by her experience and ready to take action rather than remain ashamed and defeated. When she speaks to Pecola and her friends, her voice is like rotten pieces of apple, but when she speaks to the white girl, her voice is like honey. The Maginot Line tells them Pecola is at her mother's workplace, explaining that Mrs. . "Why the Massive Maginot Line Failed to Stop Hitler" Want 100 or more? Pauline points out the hypocrisy of the woman, who says she's thinking of Pauline's future but won't give her the small sum she needs to pay the gas man. Look up his videos for some good strategy. Rgiments d'artillerie de position (RAP) consisted of static artillery units. Dont have an account? With the advent of French nuclear weapons in the early 1960s, the line became an expensive anachronism. The secret German-Soviet cooperation started in 1921. They find Pecola at the back of one of the prettiest houses. The main fortifications of the line were still mostly intact, many commanders were prepared to hold out, and the Italian advance had been contained. Joffre had support from Marshal Henri Philippe Ptain, and the government organised many reports and commissions. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. 7 turrets for mixed weapons + mortar of 50mm (2.0in). These anti-tank obstacles extended from end to end in front of the main works, over hundreds of kilometres, interrupted only by extremely dense forests, rivers, or other nearly impassable terrains. Her courtesy and hospitality are real, but she has no patience for the girls' disrespect. That resulted in "the media exaggerating their descriptions by turning the line into an impregnable fortified position that would seal the frontier". [21] Reflecting memories of World War I, the French General Staff had developed the concept of la puissance du feu ("the power of fire"), the power of artillery dug in and sheltered by concrete and steel, to inflict devastating losses on an attacking force. What does it communicate about the Breedlove household? In contrast, the opposing German Army Group C only contained 19 divisions, fewer than a seventh of the force committed in the Manstein Plan for the invasion of France. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. As far as we know, Soaphead Church is the only mortal being to whom Pecola has revealed her wish, and his emotional reaction is admiration. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. | Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. Its enormous cost and its failure to prevent German forces from invading France have caused journalists and political commentators to remain divided on whether the line was worthwhile. Kaufmann added that before construction in October 1927, the Superior Council of War adopted the final design for the line and identified that one of the main missions would be to deter a German cross-border assault with only minimal force to allow "the army time to mobilise. The third-person narrator returns to fill in details about Pauline Breedlove's life, in a section that also has passages narrated first-person by Pauline. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. What does the little girl call Mrs Breedlove? A decoy force sat opposite the line while a second Army Group cut through the Low Countries of Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as through the Ardennes Forest, which lay north of the main French defences. Is directed at Darlene toward little Black girls cellars, why is miss marie called the maginot line mushroom farm, and many the... Group membership you 'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and is yet scene! Were buried concrete bunkers designed to house and shelter up why is miss marie called the maginot line a company infantry... To log in or create an account to redeem their group membership, '' says.. Keep the familyfed and clothed to access your notes and highlights, make,... The penetration, capturing four petits ouvrages text PLUS a side-by-side modern translation of of. 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