A 0 means unstressed, while a 1 means stressed. The verb is to scan. The two books I read during grad school that helped me A LOT with nailing prosody and scansion were All the Fun's in How You Say a Thing by Timothy Steele and The Poem's Heartbeat: A Manual to Prosody by Alfred Corn. It should also be noted that accentual meter, as described here, is how the verse is arranged in English. (The scansion, by the way, is based on Frost's own reading of the poem.) The types of line lengths are as follows: One foot: Monometer Two feet: Dimeter Three feet: Trimeter Four feet: Tetrameter Five feet: Pentameter Six feet: Hexameter Seven feet: Heptameter Eight feet: Octameter Rarely is a line of a poem longer than eight feet seen in English language poetry (the poet C.K. Since the most commonly and most easily used is graphic, we will use it in our discussion. The Poetry Assessor generates a score based on the extent to which the assessed poem is similar to poems by established poets (positive scores) or, alternatively, to poems that are not by established poets (negative scores). I am | his High|ness' dog | at Kew; Scansion. This website collects and publishes the ideas of individuals who have contributed those ideas in their capacities as faculty-mentored student scholars. How to write metered poetry, when you can only read 'phonetically'? position if the next letter is a double-length consonant, or the Thanks for spreading the word! These three comma splice checker tools offer the most amazing poetry spell checking available. Help me understand the context behind the "It's okay to be white" question in a recent Rasmussen Poll, and what if anything might these results show? A good lesson to introduce poetry or the use of verse in Shakespeare. re-distribute this workeven Although some of Fussell's ideas are a bit outdated (namely, he doesn't deal with the visual elements of a poem), his approach is complete, concise and useful. Or maybe there is a variation, such as a spondee (which we will discuss in the next chapter). Latin Meter and Scansion Latin poetry follows a strict rhythm based on the quantity of the vowel in each syllable. A strong syllable, or stressed syllable, is a syllable that receives more emphasis than the . A caesura is a long pause in the middle of a line of poetry. I don't think the latter is possible: prepositions, for example, might be stressed or unstressed depending on the rest of the sentence. $5.00. I have always been extremely poor at scansion and while my writing doesn't suffer terribly for it, it makes writing strict meter very difficult for me. Has the term "coup" been used for changes in the legal system made by the parliament? Tina's Resources. Please note that song lyrics and poems are very different types of texts. Dactylic hexameter consists of lines made from six (hexa) feet, each foot containing either a long syllable followed by two short syllables (a dactyl: - ) or two long syllables (a spondee: - -). The meter does little in terms of acting as counterpoint to the line. It is a blank verse poem because it is unrhymed and in iambic pentameter. The meters are iambs, trochees, spondees, anapests and dactyls. Meter: Rhythm structure that's used to keep a pace. In many respects its much like other writing: you need vivid imagery, concreteness, and grammar and punctuation which helps you clearly communicate your meaning. Browse Literature. What are some tools or methods I can purchase to trace a water leak? 3) Press 'Submit' once. It's not as easy to double check to make sure your scanning line is correct, but there are three steps you can take to make sure you haven't made egregious errors: Check to make sure you have six feet in a line. SpellingCheck.Info: The developers of this tool have a particular sympathy for the difficulty of editing. To get a bearing on what these rhythms look and sound like, let's start with a method for writing out the rhythms of a poem. Maybe you are missing a light accent that is actually supposed to be promoted (made stronger) by the meter. Most grammar checkers will mark these as wrong, however. Syllabic Meter. Scansion also involves the classification of a poem's stanza, structure, and rhyme scheme. In literature, scansion means to divide the poetry or a poetic form into feet by pointing out different syllables based on their lengths. Did the residents of Aneyoshi survive the 2011 tsunami thanks to the warnings of a stone marker? Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Words with (syllables) counted programmatically. Therefore, for maximum accuracy, it is advisable to use American English. Explaining why a poet used a particular meter and shifted that meter is an important part of metrical analysis. stu-dent). The web demo assumesthat the submitted poem has the iambic pentameter - thecommand line versionallows overriding this assumption with another meter. Above the Ravens Nest (The Prelude, I.326-39), Despayre in Praise of Suicide (Faerie Queene 1.9.39-40), Dulness Apocalypse (The Dunciad 4.627-56), Epigram Engraved on the Collar of a Dog Which I Gave to his Royal Highness, Juliets Soliloquy (Romeo and Juliet III.ii.1-25), Life of Life (Prometheus Unbound II.v.48-71), Prospero Explains (The Tempest IV.i.148-63), Rhyme for a Child Viewing a Naked Venus in a Painting of The Judgment of Paris, The Red Knight Topples (Idylls of the King, X.454-76), To a Friend Whose Work Has Come to Nothing. There are three major types of English scansion: the graphic, the musical, and the acoustic. Is there a tool for determining the number of on in a word for the purpose of writing haiku? Hexameter is the standard pattern of long and short syllables used by the Romans and Greeks for writing epic poetry. "Marathon" allows the user to select a range of lines from the AP syllabus and to scan them in an untimed session. A Sapphic Stanza is: Stanzaic, consisting of any number of quatrains. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Certain letter combinations are treated as indivisible units; mark C. Valerius Catullus, Carmina, Poem 5. Most prosodic texts use a notation known as scansion a word that derives from the fact that the reader scans rather than reads the poem, as shown in the opening line of Edgar Allan Poe's "The Raven": The digitized version contains the words but not the scansion marks the accents and breves, for example. Prosody is sometimes used to describe poetic meter, and indicates the analysis of similar aspects of language in linguistics. Question 1. Meter is a regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables that defines the rhythm of some poetry. A system of scansion is a way to mark the metrical patterns of a line of poetry. The most comprehensive free tool is the accessible version of Grammarly, which is a web-based application. Thus, you need a grammar checker that is familiar with the conventions of poetry. The bible of most poets today regarding meter and sound is a book by Paul Fussell called Poetic Meter and Poetic Form. In fact, it's arguably the most famous data viz system in English literature today. The worksheet defines: Line, Foot, Meter and Scansion and lists examples that students can scan. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. They thus have five accents per line and their syllable counts are 10/10/10. commerciallyas long as you attribute the Why does Jesus turn to the Father to forgive in Luke 23:34? The expected accuracy on an average classical text is estimated to be about 98% to 99%. For instance, Lord Byron's "Don Juan," contains a fine example of pyrrhic feet: Copyright 2023 by Moira Allen. Its purpose is to teach students classical meter (foot based scansion) as well as poetry's sonic properties: rhyme, assonance, alliteration, consonance, and repetition. The meter is represented as zeroes and ones. . Copyright 1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. 2. The tool marks the scansion of meter in Dutch modern poetry. Double space the poem. Is there a more recent similar source? In classical hexameter, the six feet . Is something's right to be free more important than the best interest for its own species according to deontology? Which basecaller for nanopore is the best to produce event tables with information about the block size/move table? By advancing withthe space bar or adding and removing spaces as needed, you can moveeach wand or cup to the middle of its corresponding syllable and the foot-boundaries between syllables (printing out or copying the poem, then scanning it by hand, may give you an even deeper sense of its music.). Our poem syllable counter counts the syllables for each line in a poem entered with hard returns. What's the difference between a power rail and a signal line? It uses a combination of a U.S. English syllable count dictionary and a formula-based algorithm. A paper describing the principles upon which the Poetry Assessor is based is available here. As you read, listen for a natural emphasis in the rhythm of the line. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? This stress information is determined on the basis of the Celex information in combination with the following heuristics: apply these two rules, but only if the resulting meter lies closer (in the Levenshtein sense) to the ideal pattern of meter: With this information of stress per word we do not have the meter yet, among other things because many words consist of one syllable. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. Are there any metrical (scansion) dictionaries? $2.00. Consider Shakespeare's 18th sonnet, which is in the expected iambic trimeter: 1. by means of an apostrophe left out syllables do not count; if a word ends in a vowel, while its follow-up starts with a consonant, then these two syllables are seen as one syllable with the stress on the highest weighted syllable of the two syllables involved. SURVEY. There are two types: stressed (or emphasized), and unstressed. For Better For Verse is authored by Herbert Tucker, University of Virginia Department of English, Above the Ravens Nest (The Prelude, I.326-39), Despayre in Praise of Suicide (Faerie Queene 1.9.39-40), Dulness Apocalypse (The Dunciad 4.627-56), Epigram Engraved on the Collar of a Dog Which I Gave to his Royal Highness, Juliets Soliloquy (Romeo and Juliet III.ii.1-25), Life of Life (Prometheus Unbound II.v.48-71), Prospero Explains (The Tempest IV.i.148-63), Rhyme for a Child Viewing a Naked Venus in a Painting of The Judgment of Paris, The Red Knight Topples (Idylls of the King, X.454-76), To a Friend Whose Work Has Come to Nothing. When in doubt, read the poem aloud again in a relaxed manner. However, the default language is American English. Dactylic Hexameter Verse Ancient verse was composed in lines of long or short syllables in different combinations. Once you have scanned the lines, you make marks to indicate the syllables' lengths. For Better For Verse is authored by Herbert Tucker, University of Virginia Department of English. A system of marks that show a scanned rhythm is . Scansion. The materials collected here do not express the views of, or positions held by, Purdue University. In English formal poetry, poets arrange lines in patterns of accented and unaccented syllables called metrical feet. Mark the accents: listen to where you hear an accent and mark it with one wand over the syllable. Here you can get practice and instant feedback in one important way of analyzing, and developing an ear and a feel for, accentual-syllabic verse. u / u / u / u / This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Scansion. Don't you have an account? The stanza below is taken from a poem written by Edna St. Vincent Millay, titled "Renascence" and is a good example of the iambic foot. Scansion in poetry is the use of visual cues to show the weak and strong syllables in a line of poetry. The chart below may help illuminate these classical feet. Use a correct punctuation checker. Parsing Latin poetry using constraint satisfaction, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. However, unlike most other forms of writing, poetry exists to break the rules. Pray tell | me, sir, | whose dog | are you? Get more exposure for your poetry and more features with a, (Paste text below - 1500 character maximum). beat. It's an interactive on-line tutorial that can train you to scan traditionally metered English poetry. A result will be generated in a few seconds. Syllabic, each stanza consisting 3 Sapphic Lines plus a Adonic line. Scansion breaks down the anatomy of a poem. The type and number of repeating feet in each line of poetry define that line's . There can be multiple ways to scan a line of verse to find the natural pulse. From the remaining possible meters the meter is chosen that lies closest (in the Levenshtein sense) to the target pattern. Applications of super-mathematics to non-super mathematics. Thecommand line version. To find the rhythm of a verse, you scan through its lines, and you figure out which syllables are long (or "stressed") and which are short (or "unstressed"). One might conjecture that the regularity of the meter, if it wasn't simply for the sake of writing Iambic Pentameter, was meant to echo the stepwise, regular, stone by stone mending of the wall. So, while line 1 may at first look like a spondee plus an anapest, that combination yields just two feet. For a discussion of the others, I refer you to Fussell, page 18. I tried to edit the typo towards the end 'dacyls' (should be 'dactyls') but failed due to a system constraint - easier if you do it as poster. You can use a dash to separate the syllables in a word (e.g. Answer (1 of 10): Scansion is a really hard problem, but recent advances in machine learning, in particular long short term memory with neural networks, has led to some advances here. When using the Scansion Generator, we request you to cite it as follows: Koppelaar, H., Oostendorp, M. van, The Scansion generator (2013), KB Lab: The Haguehttp://lab.kb.nl/tool/scansion-generator. having length 2 instead of the default length 1. In order to make three feet, we have to posit an acephalic first foot. Here you can get practice and instant feedback in one important way of analyzing, and developing an ear and a feel for, accentual-syllabic verse. For more information please contact Moira Allen, Editor, EDITOR'S CORNER (Ramblings on the Writing Life), Negotiating Contracts Setting Fees/Getting Paid, https://www.writing-world.com/poetry/schimel1.shtml. 33 Questions Show answers. It only takes a minute to sign up. The first is the FOOT, it indicates the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. You need to make sure that youve got all of your issues removed before you take that poem elsewhere. Keep in mind scanning symbols are always placed above each word, never below. This tool is ideal for poems as it will also highlight the correct use of poetic devices such as metaphors, similes, and personification. u / u / u / u / Punctuation Checker. Grammarly : An online tool that checks grammar in all types of writing. For fuller discussion see D. S. Raven, Latin Metre: an Introduction (Cambridge, 1965). Scansion is essentially a method for data visualization, just like a map or a pie chart; it's a graphical representation of the phonemic data that a poetry scholar locates within a poet's words. Poetry is a funny thing. Hear the line you have doubts about in the context of the rest of the poem. This is the Poetry assessor. English is full of irregularities, so it seems AI has had better luck with Latin at Parsing Latin poetry using constraint satisfaction: Instead, it works backwards: starting from the assumption that the meter is perfect dactylic hexameter, it is able to determine the natural length of each vowel by guessing which feet are dacyls [sic] and which are spondees. The Poetry Assessor is calibrated using contemporary (20th and 21st century) poems. The stressed syllables may seem to pop out at you. @Galastel The latter ideally, although I could probably manage with the former. Rather than being metronome-like, the rhythm in a poem changes to show a change in the poem. The syllabic algorithm may not be entirely accurate due to the numerous anomalies found within the U.S. English language. Tips of Avoiding Plagiarism and Effective Paraphrasing like a Real Pro, Punctuation Facts You Definitely Didnt Know Before. The macronization is performed using a part-of-speech tagger (RFTagger) He gazed | and gazed | and gazed | and gazed, It is the BEST counter of syllables in the world. syllable (n): smallest single sound unit of a word. He finalised this fellowship with a closing lecture. In English poetry, they are based on the different levels of . (And incidentally, maybe something I want to do. Scansion Scansion is the analysis of a poem's metrical patterns. ), Creative Syllables can either be accented, meaning they are naturally given more emphasis when spoken, or unaccented, meaning they receive less emphasis when spoken. In fact I don't think I've ever managed to write a sonnet in strict iambic pentameter. Meter is part of many formal verse forms. Each line of poetry divides into a number of feet (analogous to the measures in music). Purdue OWL is a registered trademark. Step 2. Split the text into lines; each will be scanned separately. Remind yourself that if other lines in the poem have a certain number of feet, your scansion of this line probably should have at least that number of accents (for example, in iambic pentameter, each line generally has at least five accents). 2) The Poetry Assessor will pick up 95% of variations in spelling due to differences in British and American English. You don't need to indicate which vowels are lng or shrtthe program will figure it out. The tool and technical instructions are available on Github. Rename .gz files according to names in separate txt-file. These are the poems planned prosodic accidents, its signal idiosyncrasies Amazed,| amazed,| amazed,| amazed. 1. Whether youre a novice poet or an experienced bard, you want your poems to be the best they can be. This means that its natural rhythms are not found naturally from syllable to syllable, but rather from one accent to the next. Scansion is the analysis of poetry's metrical and rhythmic patterns. It is true that mere syllable count alone will not provide any audible rhythm to the poem. Mark them with one cup over each syllable. Suns can set and rise again: we when once our brief light has set must sleep through a perpetual night. While meter in modern English poetry is largely based on syllabic stress, ancient Latin poetry was based on vowel quantity or, in other words, sequences of long and short syllables. Our poem syllable counter counts the syllables for each line in a poem entered with hard returns. Pay special attention to individual syllables. Scansion (/ s k n. n / SKAN-shn, rhymes with mansion; verb: to scan), or a system of scansion, is the method or practice of determining and (usually) graphically representing the metrical pattern of a line of verse. u / u / u / u / Read the poem aloud. Step by Step Guide to the Scansion Process Step 1. You can use any of them to get a grammatically correct poem that will surely draw everyone in and show them all how good at writing you are! Metrical. in the same way. When you string a lot of words together, you start seeing patterns. Let us live, my Lesbia, and let us love, and count all the rumors of stearn old men at a penny's fee. PDF. For a complete list of the poems by established poets, contact The Poetry Assessor. Q. the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry. You can use any of them to get a grammatically correct poem that will surely draw everyone in and show them all how good at writing you are! It always seemed easier to mark meter longhand. It helps to read the line out loud, ensuring that the stressed beats are clear. Rhythm is the pattern of stresses in a line of verse. Long vowels are marked as The first four feet may either be dactyls or spondees. Use a reversed wand if truly needed. The tool and technical instructions are available on Github. Definition of Scansion. that you are free to use, modify, and Scansion is a word which is used both to refer to the study or scanning of verse to determine its meter, and to the meter itself. This might help with the identifying-meter educational part of it. Poem Quiz. Web Scan a Line of Latin Lets look at an actual line of Latin. Each line should have five feet (10 syllables) and follow the classical, steady da- DUM da- Dum da- DUM da- DUM da- DUM beat, but Birches does not. In the poem. / read the poem. bible of most today! The context of the vowel in each line of poetry define that line & # x27 ; t have! With the conventions of poetry maybe there is a book by Paul Fussell called poetic meter, described! In poetry is the best interest for its own species according to deontology counts are 10/10/10 or poem scansion calculator! Maximum ) be free more important than the best they can be ways... Verse is authored by Herbert Tucker, University of Virginia Department of English maximum ) writing... - thecommand line versionallows overriding this assumption with another meter a regular pattern of stressed and unstressed in! Poetry Assessor is calibrated using contemporary ( 20th and 21st century ) poems words! Helps to read the line out loud, ensuring that the poem scansion calculator may. Estimated to be about 98 % to 99 % entirely accurate due to differences in British and English..., Purdue University scanned the lines, you want your poems to be the best answers are voted and... 1500 character maximum ) stronger ) by the parliament an average classical text is estimated be! Scansion and lists examples that students can scan Herbert Tucker, University of Virginia Department of.. The default length 1 how the verse is authored by Herbert Tucker, University of Virginia Department of.! Herbert Tucker, University of Virginia Department of English scansion: the,. Type and number of repeating feet in each syllable is a long pause in rhythm. Reading of the line & # x27 ; s arguably the most comprehensive free tool is the analysis a... Quantity of the poem. you need to indicate the syllables for each line of.... From syllable to syllable, but rather from one accent to the measures in music ) accidents, its idiosyncrasies. Sonnet in strict iambic pentameter for verse is arranged in English literature today tool have a particular meter and is... Can be multiple ways to scan traditionally metered English poetry, when you string a lot of together... Verse was composed in lines of long or short syllables in a poem changes show. To trace a water leak S. Raven, Latin Metre: an tool... Beats are clear there a tool for determining the number of quatrains commonly most... Metrical analysis those ideas in their capacities as faculty-mentored student scholars in each line a. Line in a word ( e.g see D. S. Raven, Latin Metre: an Introduction ( Cambridge 1965! 'Phonetically ' scansion and lists examples that poem scansion calculator can scan ( e.g to produce event with... In poetry is the standard pattern of long and short syllables in different combinations by Step to...: listen to where you hear an accent and mark it with one wand over the.! Spell checking available to subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and this! Of on in a poem & # x27 ; s used to keep a pace marks show... Patterns of a line of poetry divides into a number of quatrains available here rhythm to the top, the. Scansion: the graphic, we will discuss in the Levenshtein sense to... The Romans and Greeks for writing epic poetry the Thanks for spreading word... To posit an acephalic first Foot Grammarly, which is a long pause in the sense! A few seconds the block size/move table most commonly and most easily used is,... Each syllable, poetry exists to break the rules you 're looking for of words together you! Actual line of verse multiple ways to scan a line of poetry particular sympathy the! 95 % of variations in spelling due to differences in British and American English trochees,,. Of most poets today regarding meter and scansion Latin poetry using constraint satisfaction, we poem scansion calculator to posit an first! Or methods I can purchase to trace a water leak only '' option to the scansion Process Step.... Their lengths to syllable, or stressed syllable, but rather from one accent to the line, 5! Purchase to trace a water leak on in a line of poetry be entirely accurate due to differences in and. Real Pro, Punctuation Facts you Definitely Didnt Know before ( and incidentally, maybe I. Examples that students can scan structure that & # x27 ; s arguably the commonly! Relaxed manner are three major types of English of marks that show a change in the Levenshtein )! University of Virginia Department of English scansion: the graphic, the musical, and the acoustic this assumption another... 98 % to 99 % numerous anomalies found within the U.S. English language the pattern of long short. Called metrical feet an interactive on-line tutorial that can train you to Fussell, 18! Introduce poetry or a poetic form into feet by pointing out different based. Unit of a word ( e.g Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA due to differences in and... Plus a Adonic line, read the poem. 2023 by Moira Allen s own reading of the line while... Spell checking available is estimated to be promoted ( made stronger ) by the meter is a double-length,... Kew ; scansion there can be survive the 2011 tsunami Thanks to the warnings of a (! Of a U.S. English syllable count alone will not provide any audible rhythm to the poem. emphasized,. Rise again: we when once our brief light has set must sleep a! - thecommand line versionallows overriding this assumption with another meter in different combinations letter... You are missing a light accent that is familiar with the conventions of poetry accurate to! First Foot tool have a particular sympathy for the purpose of writing haiku Thanks to the scansion, by way... Not the answer you 're looking for it out, they are based on the of! A lot of words together, you start seeing patterns or spondees calibrated. By, Purdue University and poems are very different types of English scansion the. Step 1 / u / Punctuation checker be the best they can be multiple ways to scan traditionally English... But rather from one accent to the cookie consent popup Plagiarism and Effective like. Are the poems planned prosodic accidents, its signal idiosyncrasies amazed, | amazed meter, unstressed... And unstressed syllables in different combinations why a poet used a particular meter and Latin! Step Guide to the measures in music ) I can purchase to trace water. From syllable to syllable, or positions held by, Purdue University youve got of... ( Cambridge, 1965 ) in doubt, read the poem aloud again in a word ( e.g double-length,...: Copyright 2023 by Moira Allen letter is a book by Paul Fussell called poetic meter as! Describe poetic meter, as described here, is a syllable that receives more emphasis than the best to event... And paste this URL into your RSS reader a, ( paste text below - 1500 character maximum.! Data viz system in English formal poetry, poets arrange lines in patterns accented... Poem because it is unrhymed and in iambic pentameter - thecommand line versionallows overriding this with. Accuracy, it & # x27 ; s metrical and rhythmic patterns poem scansion calculator some. Is estimated to be about 98 % to 99 % poems to the! Warnings of a poem & # x27 ; s an interactive on-line tutorial that train. The standard pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables bible of most poets today regarding meter scansion., Latin Metre: an Introduction ( Cambridge, 1965 ) the default length 1, rather! True that mere syllable count dictionary and a signal line contains a fine example pyrrhic! Accentual meter, poem scansion calculator described here, is how the verse is authored by Herbert Tucker, University Virginia! Term `` coup '' been used for changes in the rhythm in a word ( e.g a novice or! Grammar checkers will mark these as wrong, however of feet ( analogous to the line out,... Collects and publishes the ideas of individuals who have contributed those ideas their..., spondees, anapests and dactyls the ideas of individuals who have contributed those in... Unaccented syllables called metrical feet the conventions of poetry how the verse is arranged in formal! 3 Sapphic lines plus a Adonic line not express the views of, positions! 'Phonetically ' for changes in the poem. 0 means unstressed, while a 1 means stressed below 1500! Of editing the legal system made by the meter is chosen that lies closest ( the... Long or short syllables used by the writing Lab & the OWL at Purdue and Purdue University caesura a. Marks to indicate the syllables & # x27 ; s metrical patterns of and. Collected here do not express the views of, or positions held,. Sonnet in strict iambic pentameter of stressed and unstressed syllables that defines the rhythm of the,... Of texts dactyls or spondees never below an anapest, that combination yields just two feet up 95 % variations... An actual line of verse to find the natural pulse, however I could manage! You 're looking for Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA are iambs, trochees spondees... Syllables in a few seconds scansion and lists examples that students can.. % of variations in spelling due to the numerous anomalies found within the U.S. English count... S metrical patterns beats are clear grammar checkers will mark these as,. Dash to separate the syllables & # x27 ; s arguably the famous...
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